{"id":7648,"date":"2023-09-18T11:25:08","date_gmt":"2023-09-18T10:25:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/?p=7648"},"modified":"2024-05-28T16:52:20","modified_gmt":"2024-05-28T15:52:20","slug":"felix-romuliana-gamzigrad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/","title":{"rendered":"FELIX ROMULIANA \u2013 GAMZIGRAD"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”4535″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1707478292138{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-right: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 40px !important;background-color: #f9f9f9 !important;}”]Project name:<\/strong> Felix Romuliana – Gamzigrad
\nResearch leader:<\/strong> Dr. Stefan Pop-Lazi\u0107, Dr. Christoph Rummel
\nCollaborators:<\/strong> Dr. Bojan Popovi\u0107, Dr. Maja \u017divi\u0107<\/p>\n

Institutions involved in the research process:<\/strong>
\nInstitute of Archeology, Belgrade;
\nZaje\u010dar National Museum,
\nRepublic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments,
\nRoman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The fortified palace of Emperor Galerius represents the best preserved work of Roman architecture in the whole territory of Serbia. In 2007, this site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Over many years of research, almost the entire internal structure of the residential complex built at the beginning of the 4th century was uncovered. In addition to the palace itself, the complex comprises temples, a granary, thermae and ancillary buildings. Monumental gates, towers and ramparts are preserved up to a height of over six metres. Some parts of the site feature architecture from later periods \u2013 the early Byzantine and mediaeval. The investigations conducted over the last few years have been focused on the immediate surroundings of the fortified complex. Using the geophysical method, a number of new buildings have been discovered, as well as an entire settlement complex in the vicinity. <\/strong><\/h3>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]The specific geographical position in a valley, protected by the surrounding hills, determined the character of the tetrarchy memorial complex, which consists of two fortification systems, buildings within the fortifications and sacral architecture on Magura Hill. In the period of Late Antiquity, from the second half of the 4th<\/sup> century to the end of the 6th<\/sup> century, as well as during the 10th<\/sup>-11th<\/sup> centuries, the life of several different settlements took place above the tetrarchy complex. The name Romuliana\/Romulianum, recorded by ancient writers as the place where the Roman emperor Gaius Valerius Galerius Maximianus was born and was buried, and which he named after his mother Romula, is attested by the find of an archivolt with the inscription “Felix Romuliana”.<\/p>\n

The first excavations of Gamzigrad were started in 1953 under the leadership of Prof. \u0110or\u0111e Mano-Zisi, on the initiative of the National Museum in Zaje\u010dar, in cooperation with the Archaeological Institute SAN. In the first years, the research focus was on the area of \u200b\u200bthe palace (D1) in the north-western part of the complex. At the very beginning of the research, Prof. Mano-Zisi saw the importance of mosaics for understanding the purpose of the Gamzigrad architecture. By analyzing the artistic features of the mosaics and the techniques used in the decoration of architectural plastic, he concluded that the decoration of the palace corresponds to the time of the tetrarchy, as well as that Gamzigrad was probably the seat of some important person. As only a small part of the interior of the residential complex had been explored at that time, Gamzigrad was viewed as a castrum, a state asset, a fortified villa or even a city.<\/p>\n

A key change in the research concept occurred with the arrival of Prof. Dragoslav Srejovi\u0107 as the head of the research project in 1970. Excavations of buildings inside the complex during the 1970s were concentrated on the Small and Great Temples. Prof. Srejovi\u0107 connected the construction of the Small Temple with the cult of the goddess Cybele, in which the deified Romula was worshipped. Based on the discovery of parts of an imperial sculpture and a sculpture of Hercules near the Great Temple, as well as on the basis of the features of the structure itself, he assumed that it united two sanctuaries; one dedicated to a chthonic deity and the other dedicated to Hercules, and the emperor identified with him.<\/p>\n

One of the key findings of the tetrarchy period in Gamzigrad is certainly the “Felix Romuliana” inscription discovered in 1983 in a building with a cruciform ground plan in the south-western part of the palatial complex. This discovery confirmed the opinion that the site of Gamzigrad can be identified with the place “Romulianum\/Romuliana”.<\/p>\n

The older rampart system covers an area of 3.6 ha. The fortification has an irregular polygonal base, with two octagonal towers on the eastern and western gates, completely protruding into the field in relation to the rampart. At the corners, and between them, the quadrangular towers protrude half way in relation to the direction of the ramparts.<\/p>\n

The younger fortification system consists of 20 polygonal towers, the largest of which are the ones at the corners, which have a sixteen-sided outer base. Two twelve-sided towers each protect the eastern and western gates, while two ten-sided towers are arranged in the centre of the northern and southern ramparts, and eight-sided towers are arranged between them and the corners. Opposite the western entrance, investigations of the passage of the eastern gate were carried out during the 1980s. At that time, a large number of fragments of the architectural decoration of the younger gate were discovered, among which pilasters made of tuffaceous sandstone, on which the tetrarch in medallions are represented, stand out. The analysis of representations and decorative elements by Prof. Srejovi\u0107 precisely dated the time of construction of the younger fortification of Romuliana to the years 305-306.<\/p>\n

The final piece of evidence regarding the tetrachic identity of Gamzigrad was discovered in 1993. In one of the late antique pits in the southeastern part of the site, a part of a porphyry sculpture of larger-than-life size representing the emperor Galerius was discovered. The assumption is that it was originally placed next to the sculpture of Heracles in the Great Temple. Concurrently with the research of the thermal baths, the excavations of the remains visible as far back as the 19th<\/sup> century began on Magura Hill, which is located about 1,000 meters east of Romuliana. The discovery of two tumuli, two mausoleums and a tetrapylon completed the picture of Gamzigrad as the place where Galerius and his mother Romula were buried and elevated to the rank of deities.<\/p>\n

In the last fifteen years, Romuliana research has been carried out to a considerable extent outside the fortified palace. In cooperation with the Romano-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute, the Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia, and the National Museum in Zaje\u010dar, an international research program was started, led first by Sofija Petkovi\u0107 and then by Stefan Pop-Lazi\u0107, which ended in 2012. One of the most significant aspects of this project is the application of the geophysical method of prospecting, which covered an area of over 40 hectares. As a result, an image was obtained that indicated the existence of structures in several places outside the ramparts of Romuliana. Among them, the most impressive is the area on the slope north of the fortification, which is distinguished by various buildings on an area of over 6 ha. Excavations based on data obtained from geophysical recordings in the area of the necropolis south of Romuliana and the basilica complex in the west provided equally new data.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Selected Bibliography:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u010canak-Medi\u0107, M. 1978: Gamzigrad, kasnoanti\u010dka palata. Saop\u0161tenja XI. Belgrade: Republi\u010dki zavod za za\u0161titu spomenika kulture.<\/p>\n

Srejovi\u0107, D. 1983. Gamzigrad, Kasnoanti\u010dki carski dvorac. Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti.<\/p>\n

Srejovi\u0107, D. Vasi\u0107, \u010c. 1994. Emperor\u2019s Galerius\u2019s buildings in Romuliana (Gamzigrad, eastern Serbia). Antiquit\u00e9 Tardive 2: 123-141.<\/p>\n

Srejovi\u0107, D. 1994. The representations of Tetrarchs in Romuliana. Antiquit\u00e9 Tardive 2: 143-152.<\/p>\n

Vasi\u0107, \u010c. 1995: Chronological Relations of Palace and Forti\ufb01cation System of Gamzigrad. in: D. Srejovi\u0107 (ed.) The Age of Tetrarchs. Symposium 4th-9th October 1993. Scienti\ufb01c meetings LXXV. The section for Historical Sciences 24. Belgrade: SANU: 313-323.<\/p>\n

\u017divi\u0107, M. 2003. Felix Romuliana. 50 godina odgonetanja. Zaje\u010dar: Narodni muzej, Zaje\u010dar.<\/p>\n

Vasi\u0107, M. (ed.) 2006. Felix Romuliana \u2013 50 Years of Archaeological Excavations. Papers from the International Conference, Zaje\u010dar. 27th-29th October 2003. Belgrade: Institute of Archaeology; Belgrade. Commitee on Archaeology of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade. National Museum, Zaje\u010dar.<\/p>\n

Brandl, U. Vasi\u0107, M. 2007: Roms Erbe Auf Dem Balkan: Sp\u00e4tantike Kaiservillen und Stadtanlagen in Serbien. Mainz am Rhein: Von Zabern.<\/p>\n

Popovi\u0107 I. (ed.). 2011. Felix Romuliana \u2013 Gamzigrad, Belgrade: Institute of Archaelogy, Belgrade.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, S. 2011. Roman Settlement on Gamzigrad Prior to the Imperial Palace\u00a0Felix Romuliana. Starinar LXI\/2011: 171\u2013190.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, S. 2011. Late Roman\u00a0Romuliana\u00a0and Mediaeval Gamzigrad from the end of 4th\u00a0to 11th\u00a0centuries AD. in:\u00a0Keszthely \u2013 Fen\u00e9kpuszta im Kontext sp\u00e4tantiker Kontinuit\u00e4tsforschung zwischen Noricum und Moesia. Hrsg. O. Heinrich-Tamaska, Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense, Vol. 2. Budapest \u2013 Leipzig \u2013 Kesthely \u2013 Rahden\/Westf. A Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia R\u00e9g\u00e9szeti Int\u00e9zete, Geistwissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., Balatoni Muzeum: 267\u2013283.<\/p>\n

Pop-Lazi\u0107 S. 2016. Felix Romuliana\/Gamzigrad in the Fifth Century \u2013 Results of Recent Research. in: Bugarski I., Heinrich-Tam\u00e1ska, O. Ivani\u0161evi\u0107, V. & Syrbe D. (eds): Grenz \u00dcberg\u00e4nge. Sp\u00e4tr\u00f6misch, fr\u00fchchristlich, fr\u00fchbyzantinisch als kategorien der historisch-arch\u00e4ologischen Forschung an der mittleren Donau \u2013 Late Roman, Early Christian, Early Byzantine as Categories in Historical-Archaeological Research on the Middle Danube. Akten des 27. Internationalen Symposiums der Grundprobleme der Fr\u00fchgeschichtlichen Entwicklung im Mittleren Donauraum, Ruma, 4.-7.11.2015. Forschungen zu Sp\u00e4tantike und Mittelalter 4. Remshalden. Verlag Bernhard Albert Greiner: 231\u2013246.<\/p>\n

\u0110uri\u0107, B. Jovanovi\u0107, D. Pop-Lazi\u0107, S. & Prochaska, W. 2018: The Stones of Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). in: Mateti, P. & Marasovi\u0107, K. (eds.) Proceedings of the XI ASMOSIA Conference, Split 18 \u2013 22 May 2015. Split: Arts Academy.<\/p>\n

Pop-Lazi\u0107, S. 2018. Feliks Romulijana (Gamzigrad). u Rimski limes i gradovi na tlu Srbije. ur. M. Kora\u0107-<\/p>\n

S.Pop-Lazi\u0107, 28-35. Beograd: Arheolo\u0161ki institut, 166-172. von B\u00fclow, G. Petkovi\u0107 S. (eds). 2020:\u00a0 Gamzigrad-Studien I. Ergebnisse der deutschserbischen Forschungen im Umfeld des Palastes Romuliana. R\u00f6misch-Germanischen Forschungen, Band 75. Wiesbaden : Reihert Verlag.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1529917889058{padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_empty_space][vc_gallery type=”flexslider_slide” interval=”3″ images=”5634,5637,5640,5643,5646,5649,5652,5655,5658″ img_size=”large”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1529917889058{padding-top: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 25px !important;}”][vc_column]

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\t\t\t\t\tDr Stefan Pop Lazi\u0107<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Interests and methodology of research   Dr Stefan Pop Lazi\u0107 is actively engaged in the research of the most important antique localities in Serbia \u2013 Sirmium, Singidunum and Romuliana (Gamzigrad). Dr Pop Lazi\u0107 has focused on the study of the Roman fortifications in the territory of today\u2019s Serbia, and on questions related to the Roman army. […]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\t\t\t\t\tDr Bojan Popovi\u0107<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Interests and methodology of research   The interests of dr Bojan Popovi\u0107 are directed to architecture through applied art and the theory of antique architecture. Dr Popovi\u0107 is studying the architecture of public and private civilian objects, as also military objects. Dr Popovi\u0107 focuses particularly on the imperial buildings, as complexes of imperial palaces from theTetrarchic […]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t

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The fortified palace of Emperor Galerius represents the best preserved work of Roman architecture in the whole territory of Serbia. In 2007, this site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5653,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[187],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antiquity"],"yoast_head":"\nFELIX ROMULIANA \u2013 GAMZIGRAD - Institute of Archaeology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FELIX ROMULIANA \u2013 GAMZIGRAD - Institute of Archaeology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The fortified palace of Emperor Galerius represents the best preserved work of Roman architecture in the whole territory of Serbia. In 2007, this site was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Institute of Archaeology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/profile.php?id=100063480880081&sk\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-09-18T10:25:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-05-28T15:52:20+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/romuliana-aerofoto.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"960\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"785\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"urednik\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@arheoinst\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@arheoinst\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"urednik\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"urednik\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/#\/schema\/person\/386f94fe666e3d4e71c9e002f26bc205\"},\"headline\":\"FELIX ROMULIANA \u2013 GAMZIGRAD\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-09-18T10:25:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-05-28T15:52:20+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\"},\"wordCount\":1811,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Antiquity\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/felix-romuliana-gamzigrad\/\",\"name\":\"FELIX ROMULIANA \u2013 GAMZIGRAD - 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