{"id":7643,"date":"2023-09-18T22:25:51","date_gmt":"2023-09-18T21:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/?p=7643"},"modified":"2026-03-01T23:00:04","modified_gmt":"2026-03-01T22:00:04","slug":"vrelo-sarkamen-near-negotin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/vrelo-sarkamen-near-negotin\/","title":{"rendered":"VRELO \u2013 \u0160ARKAMEN NEAR NEGOTIN"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_single_image image=”4583″ img_size=”full”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1772402388290{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-right: 40px !important;padding-bottom: 30px !important;padding-left: 40px !important;background-color: #f9f9f9 !important;}”]Project Director: Dr Marija Jovi\u0107, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade<\/span><\/p>\n

Team\u00a0:<\/b><\/p>\n

Dr Igor Bjeli\u0107, Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade<\/span><\/p>\n

Museum advisor Gordan Janji\u0107, Museum of Krajina, Negotin<\/span><\/p>\n

MA Nikola Radinovi\u0107- Belgrade<\/span><\/p>\n

Co-operation:<\/b><\/p>\n

Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade<\/span><\/p>\n

Museum of Krajina, Negotin<\/span><\/p>\n

Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Ni\u0161\u00a0<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

The Roman site of Vrelo is located 4 km west of the village of \u0160arkamen, which is located about 20 km northwest of Negotin, in eastern Serbia. \u0160arkamen is a fortified residence, and the memorial complex with a<\/span> mausoleum and the tumulus are dated to the beginning of the 4<\/span>th<\/span> century and are ascribed to the tetrarch Maximinus Daia (305\u2013313). Fragments of a porphyry sculpture of the emperor seated on a throne were discovered on the slope south of the memorial complex. The empress-mother was buried in the mausoleum with a set of gold jewellery.<\/span><\/h3>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]The Roman site of Vrelo is located on the left bank of the Vrelo River, 4 km west of the village of \u0160arkamen, about 20 km northwest of Negotin, in eastern Serbia, on the slopes of Deli Jovan.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The site was first recorded by Felix Kanitz in 1889 as a Roman fortification with eight circular towers and a square base with 100 x 100 m dimensions. In 1947, the architect \u0110ur\u0111e Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 visited Vrela and sketched the visible objects: a Roman fortification with 10 circular towers, an irregular quadrangular base, measuring 81 x 91 m, a bridge and a “temple” on the left bank, and ” thermal baths” on the right bank of the Vrel river. The first archaeological research at \u0160arkamen was undertaken by the curators of the Krajina Museum in Negotin, Milica and \u0110or\u0111e Jankovi\u0107, in 1975.<\/span><\/p>\n

In the period 1994\u20132003, SANU, the Archaeological Institute in Belgrade, and the Krajina Museum in Negotin began systematic archaeological research of this site. Under the overall management of Dr Dragoslav Srejovi\u0107, the archaeological research was managed by Dr. Miodrag Tomovi\u0107 from the Archaeological Institute, and members of the expert team were \u0110oko Jovanovi\u0107 and Gordan Janji\u0107, curators of the Krajina Museum, Dr. \u010cedomir Vasi\u0107, architect of the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, Ni\u0161 and Borisav Markovi\u0107, geodesy engineer, KU Negotin.<\/span><\/p>\n

Several objects were discovered on the left and right banks of the Vrelo River:<\/span><\/p>\n

A – fortification of the imperial residence, B – imperial mausoleum, C – consecratory tumulus, D – platform of stone slabs along the western side of the mausoleum, E – late antique building next to the southern tower of the western gate of the fortification, F – metallurgical workshop west of the memorial complex, G – square building foundations west of the tumulus (brick tomb?), H \u2013 economic building on the right bank of the Vrel river, I \u2013 a large building (basilica?) on the left bank of the Vrel river and J \u2013 economic building (horreum?) northwest of the fortification.<\/span><\/p>\n

Given the limited area of excavation and the small amount of movable archaeological finds, the researchers, based on the analogy with the tetrarchy palace of Felix Romuliana in Gamzigrad, assumed that Vrelo was an unfinished fortification of the imperial residence from the tetrarchy era.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The secret of the \u0160arkamen fortress was largely revealed by the excavation of the building with the dome in the period from 1994 to 1996, which is located about 250 m to the west. It was found to be an imperial mausoleum, very similar to the imperial tombs next to the consecratory mounds on Magura Hill, east of the imperial residence at Gamzigrad. These two mausoleums are attributed to Emperor Galerius and his mother Romula, and were built at the end of the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> century (AD 294-295) for the empress-mother and at the beginning of the 4<\/span>th<\/span> century (AD 206-211) for Emperor Galerius. In the mausoleum were found 3 gold necklaces, 2 earrings, 3 rings, 2 hair ornaments (salteleons), one leaf-shaped pendant and 9 leaves of a diadem made of gold sheet with imprinted portraits of tetrarchs. The portraits imprinted on the obverse of gold coins, aurei, minted during the 1<\/span>st<\/span> tetrarchy (294-305), have been identified based on iconography and inscriptions as two of Diocletian, one of Constantius Chlorus and, perhaps, one of Galerius. The jewellery belongs to the more luxurious jewellery production from the period of the second half of the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> century. All this points to the fact that the empress was buried in the mausoleum at the beginning of the 4<\/span>th<\/span> century, most likely around 305\/306.<\/span><\/p>\n

To the north of the mausoleum is a mound, a tumulus, with a diameter of 14.5 m, and a preserved height of 2.5 m, above 6 graves of cremated deceased. It remains unclear how the tumulus above these graves was related to the mausoleum, other than the fact that it was created at the same time as the imperial tomb. Based on the findings, the mentioned graves can be dated to the end of the 3<\/span>rd<\/span> and the first half of the 4<\/span>th<\/span> century.<\/span><\/p>\n

Due to the similarity with the residential-memorial complex at Gamzigrad and Magura, the fortified residence and mausoleum at Vrelo dates back to the beginning of the 4<\/span>th<\/span> century, and are attributed to the tetrarch Maximin Daya (305-313 AD), who was the cousin of Emperor Galerius. In contrast, in the mausoleum, the cremated remains of Galerius’ sister and Romula’s daughter, whose name is unknown to us from historical sources, were stored. The beginning of construction of the complex at Vrelo was placed in the year 309\/310 when Maximin Daya declared himself August. The construction lasted, most likely, until the middle of 313, when Daya was defeated by his rival Licinius and soon thereafter died tragically.<\/span><\/p>\n

Fragments of a porphyry sculpture of the emperor on the throne were found on the slope to the south of the mausoleum and to the west, in the area between the memorial complex and the late antique workshop (building F). Apart from seven larger parts, a large number of small, atypical fragments were found. Unfortunately, parts of the statue’s head, which could reveal the identity of the emperor, are missing.<\/span><\/p>\n

2013-2020. Archaeological research at the Vrelo-\u0160arkamen site was renewed by the Archaeological Institute in Belgrade and the Negotin Krajina Museum. Excavations of the fortifications of the tetrarchy palace completely revealed the southeast tower (tower 8), and the south-eastern corner of the interior of the fortress, with 4 rooms along the southern rampart, explored to a length of 15 m. Also, the western gate and the towers flanking it were investigated (towers 1-2). Along the western rampart, north and south of the gate, 3 rooms each were explored. Due to the lack of movable finds, the function of the rooms inside the fortification, built along the southern and western ramparts, could not be determined.<\/span><\/p>\n

Revision excavations of the northern rampart were carried out in the probe in which it was found in 1994. The northern rampart was discovered to a length of 14 m. The poor preservation of the northern rampart is due to the steep decline of the terrain from north to south and the pronounced erosion of the soil in the area of the fortification.<\/span><\/p>\n

Research conducted in 2013-2020, to some extent, changed the earlier hypotheses regarding the tetrarchy residence at Vrelo near \u0160arkamen, primarily in the architectural-construction solutions and the fact that, aside from the ramparts and towers, buildings were also built inside the fortification. An aerial LIDAR scan of the site in 2021 confirmed the new excavation results and raised new questions about the structure of the fortified residence.<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Selected Bibliography:<\/strong><\/h4>\n

\u0418. \u0411\u0458\u0435\u043b\u0438\u045b, \u0421\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0438\u0434\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0452\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u2013\u0428\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d,\u00a0\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0442\u0432\u0430<\/em>\u00a0 35, 2019. (\u0443\u0440. \u0414. \u0410\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b ), \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434: 65-84.<\/p>\n

\u0413. \u0408\u0430\u045a\u0438\u045b, \u0421. \u041f\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0418. \u0411\u0458\u0435\u043b\u0438\u045b, \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u2013 \u0428\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430. \u0422\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u0430\u0458\u0435\/ G. Janji\u0107, S. Petkovi\u0107, I. Bjeli\u0107, Vrelo \u2013 \u0160arkamen. Tetrarchic Residence of Maximinus Daja, \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0458 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0435: \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d 2021, 1-139.<\/p>\n

\u0402. \u0408\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0418\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u00a0 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0443, \u0428\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d,\u00a0\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0440<\/em>\u00a030\/1980, 87-93.<\/p>\n

\u0110. Jankovi\u0107, M. Jankovi\u0107, Vrelo \u2013 \u0160arkamen, za\u0161titna arheolo\u0161ka iskopavanja, Arheolo\u0161ki pregled 17, Beograd 1975, 86-88.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, G. Janji\u0107, N. Radinovi\u0107, Carska rezidencija Vrelo-\u0160arkamen kod Negotina. Istra\u017eivanja u 2013. godini, u:\u00a0Arheologija u Srbiji. Projekti Arheolo\u0161kog instituta u 2013. godini<\/em>, ur: 2013, D. Antonovi\u0107, Beograd 2015, 64-68.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, G. Janji\u0107, Vrelo \u2013 \u0160arkamen. Arheolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja, prezentacija i promocija 2015. godine, u:\u00a0Arheologija u Srbiji 5. Projekti Arheolo\u0161kog instituta u 2015. godini<\/em>, ur. 2015, N. Gavrilovi\u0107-Vitas, I. Bugarski, V. Filipovi\u0107, Beograd 2017, 92-96.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, G. Janji\u0107, M. Jovi\u0107, I. Bjeli\u0107, Vrelo \u2013 \u0160arkamen, arheolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja, prezentacija i promocija u 2016. godini,\u00a0Arheologija u Srbiji. Projekti Arheolo\u0161kog instituta u 2016. godini, <\/em>2013 ur. Ivan Bugarski, Nade\u017eda Gavrilovi\u0107 Vitas i Vojislav Filipovi\u0107, Beograd 2018, 91-98.<\/p>\n

Petkovi\u0107, I. Bjeli\u0107, D. Vulovi\u0107, G. Janji\u0107, N. Radinovi\u0107, \u0160arkamen, arheolo\u0161ka istra\u017eivanja, prezentacija i promocija 2017. godine, u:\u00a0Arheologija u Srbiji 7. Projekti Arheolo\u0161kog instituta u 2017. godini,<\/em>ur. N. Gavrilovi\u0107-Vitas, I. Bugarski, V. Filipovi\u0107, Beograd 2019, 135-141.<\/p>\n

Popovi\u0107, M. Tomovi\u0107, Golden jewelry from the imperial mausoleum at \u0160arkamen (Eastern Serbia),\u00a0Antiquit\u00e9 tardive<\/em>\u00a06, 1998, 287-312.<\/p>\n

\u0160arkamen (Eastern Serbia): A Tetrarchic Imperial Palace. The Memorial Complex<\/em>, Edited by Ivana Popovi\u0107, Archaeological Institute, Monographs No. 45,Belgrade 2005.<\/p>\n

\u0418.\u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0444\u0438\u0440,\u00a0M\u043e\u045b \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430.\u0421\u043a\u0443\u043b\u043f\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0440\u0438\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0443 \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0438 (Porphyry, power of emperors and dignity of gods. Sculptures from Roman towns and palaces in Serbia)<\/em>, \u0410\u0440\u0445\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 2017.<\/p>\n

Srejovi\u0107, M. Tomovi\u0107,\u00a0 \u010c. Vasi\u0107, \u0160arkamen. Tetrarchial Imperial Palace.\u00a0Starinar\u00a0<\/em>XLVII, 1996: 231\u2013236.<\/p>\n

\u0160arkamen (Eastern Serbia): A Tetrarchic Imperial Palace. The Memorial Complex<\/em>, Edited by Ivana Popovi\u0107, Archaeological Institute, Monographs No. 45,Belgrade 2005.<\/p>\n

\u041c. \u0422\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0438 \u0427.\u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u045b,\u00a0\u0412\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u2013 \u0428\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d. \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430.\u00a0\u0417\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0458\u0430 \u0443 \u0428\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443,\u00a0<\/em>\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0431\u0435,\u00a0 \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0458\u00a0 \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434, \u041c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0458 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0458\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043d: \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 1997.<\/p>\n

Vasi\u0107 and M. Tomovi\u0107, \u0160arkamen (East Serbia): An Imperial Residence and Memorial Complex of the Tetrarchic Period.\u00a0Germania\u00a0<\/em>83 (2), 2005: 257\u2013307.<\/p>\n

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\t\t\t\t\tMarija Jovi\u0107<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Interests and methodology of research   Marija Jovi\u0107 specializes in Roman-period archaeology. Through many years of rescue and systematic excavations, she has gained extensive experience in analyzing the formation of Roman military fortifications and Late Antique necropolises in southern and southeastern Serbia, as well as in the study of Roman archaeological material, particularly ceramics and coins. […]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\t\t\t\t\tDr Igor Bjeli\u0107<\/a>\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Interests and methodology of research   Dr Igor Bjeli\u0107 is mostly dedicated to the research of influence transmission in antique architecture from Byzantine architecture to local architecture on the territory of Serbia. Dr Bjeli\u0107 is also involved in the analysis of materials, arch construction, heating construction, waterworks, fortifications, urban structures, Roman and Medieval towns, architectural decoration, […]<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t

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The Roman site of Vrelo is located 4 km west of the village of \u0160arkamen, which is located about 20 km northwest of Negotin, in eastern Serbia. \u0160arkamen is a fortified residence, and the memorial complex with a mausoleum and the tumulus are dated to the beginning of the 4th century and are ascribed to the tetrarch Maximinus Daia (305\u2013313). Fragments of a porphyry sculpture of the emperor seated on a throne were discovered on the slope south of the memorial complex. The empress-mother was buried in the mausoleum with a set of gold jewellery.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5453,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[187],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7643","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antiquity"],"yoast_head":"\nVRELO \u2013 \u0160ARKAMEN NEAR NEGOTIN - Institute of Archaeology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ai.ac.rs\/en\/vrelo-sarkamen-near-negotin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"VRELO \u2013 \u0160ARKAMEN NEAR NEGOTIN - Institute of Archaeology\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Roman site of Vrelo is located 4 km west of the village of \u0160arkamen, which is located about 20 km northwest of Negotin, in eastern Serbia. \u0160arkamen is a fortified residence, and the memorial complex with a mausoleum and the tumulus are dated to the beginning of the 4th century and are ascribed to the tetrarch Maximinus Daia (305\u2013313). Fragments of a porphyry sculpture of the emperor seated on a throne were discovered on the slope south of the memorial complex. 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